Adverse Drug Reactions 2

                                                                  Adverse Drug Reactions 2

                                                                                Click Here

Adverse Drug Reactions

                                   
                                         Adverse Drug Reactions


                                                          Click Here

Analysis 1st Sem

MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Objective: The course is designed to impart the knowledge in the field of Pharmaceutical Analysis. The various modern analytical techniques like UV-Visible, IR, NMR, Mass, GC, HPLC, different chromatographic methods and other important topics are taught to enable the students to understand and apply the principles involved in the determination of different bulk drugs and their formulation. In addition to the theoretical aspects, the basic practical knowledge relevant to the analysis is also imparted.

 UNIT I

Introduction to chromatography and classification of chromatographic methods based on the mechanism of separation a.Column Chromatography: Adsorption and partition, theory, preparation, procedure and methods of detection b. Thin Layer Chromatography: Theory, preparation, procedures, detection of compounds c. Paper Chromatography: Theory, different techniques employed, filter papers used, qualitative and quantitative detection d. Counter – current extraction, solid phase extraction techniques, gel filtration

UNIT II

 a. Gas chromatography: Introduction, fundamentals, instrumentation, columns: preparation and operation, detection, dramatization. b. HPLC: Principles and instrumentation, solvents and columns used, detection and applications c. HPTLC: Theory and principle, instrumentation, elution techniques and pharmaceutical applications

UNIT III

 a.UV-Visible spectroscopy: Introduction, electromagnetic spectrum, absorbance laws and limitations, instrumentation-design and working principle, chromophore concept, auxochromes, Wood-Fisher rules for calculating absorption maximum, applications of UV-Visible spectroscopy b.IR spectroscopy: Basic principles-Molecular vibrations, vibrational frequency, factors influencing vibrational frequencies, sampling techniques, instrumentation, interpretation of spectra, FT-IR, theory and applications

UNIT IV

Mass spectroscopy: Theory, ionization techniques: electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, field ionization, fast atom bombardment, plasma desorption, fragmentation process: types of fission, resolution, GC/MS, interpretation of spectra and applications for identification and structure determination

UNIT V

 NMR: Theory, instrumentation, chemical shift, shielding and deshielding effects, splitting of signals, spin-spin coupling, proton exchange reactions, coupling constant(J), nuclear overhauser effect(NOE), 13C NMR spectra and its applications, 2D-NMR, COSY and applications in pharmacy Outcome: The appreciable knowledge will be gained by the students in the Modern Analytical Techniques and can apply the theories in the Analysis of various bulk drugs and their formulations. The students will also be in a position to apply their knowledge in developing the new methods for the determination and validate the procedures



                                                          Click Here

Memory Loss

Everyone has mild memory lapses from time to time. You go from the kitchen to the bedroom to get something, only to find yourself wondering what you needed. You can't find your car keys one day and your reading glasses the next.

Lapses such as these are usually just signs of a normal brain that's constantly prioritizing, sorting, storing, and retrieving all types of information. So how do you know when memory loss is abnormal and warrants evaluation by a health professional? Here are some questions to consider:

• Does the memory loss disrupt daily living? "If memory loss prevents someone from doing activities that they had no trouble handling before—like balancing a checkbook, keeping up with personal hygiene, or driving around—that should be checked," says John Hart, Jr., M.D., professor of behavioral and brain sciences at the University of Texas at Dallas and medical science director at the Center for BrainHealth.
• How often do memory lapses occur? It's one thing to occasionally forget where you parked your car, but it's not normal to forget where you parked every day or to forget appointments over and over. Frequent memory lapses are likely to be noticeable because they tend to interfere with daily living.
• What kinds of things are being forgotten? "It's normal to forget the name of someone you just met, but may not be normal to permanently forget the name of a close friend or relative," Hart says. "It also may not be normal to never remember meeting a person after you have spent a great deal of time with them." Most people have trouble remembering some details of a conversation, but forgetting whole conversations could signal a problem. Other red flags: frequently repeating yourself or asking the same questions in the same conversation.
• Are there signs of confusion? Serious memory lapses may cause individuals to get lost in a familiar place or put something in an inappropriate place because they can't remember where it goes. Putting the car keys in the refrigerator is an example.
• Is the memory loss getting worse?