Sleeping Position In Pregnancy

Sleeping Position In Pregnancy – Which Side Is Safer?

One of the hardest things about pregnancy, is trying to get a good night’s sleep. You’re hot and sweaty, uncomfortable, your hips are aching, and your heartburn gets worse when you lie down.You end up wedged in with no fewer than fifteen pillows holding you in place, only to realise you need a wee as soon as you’ve turned the light off. On the rare occasions you are tired enough to overcome all of these sleep hurdles, the baby starts doing acrobatics and using your bladder as a trampoline. So, with all of that in mind, I’m now going to (hesitantly and politely) tell you about the best way to sleep during pregnancy. Please don’t throw anything at the screen in anger, I’m just trying to help.
Sleeping On Your Tummy During Pregnancy
During the early stages of pregnancy, it’s fine to sleep on your tummy. By the time it becomes dangerous to your baby, you will be too uncomfortable doing it anyway! Trying to sleep on your belly at eight months pregnant would be a sight fit for any touring circus.

Sleeping On Your Back During Pregnancy

You don’t really need to worry about your sleeping position at all during your first trimester. Once you’re into the second trimester though, you’ll need to avoid sleeping on your back. When you lie on your back, your uterus puts pressure on the vein that returns blood to your heart. If you lie in this position for long periods, this could restrict the amount of blood and nutrients that reach your placenta and baby. It could also leave you feeling dizzy and nauseous.

Sleeping On Your Right Hand Side During Pregnancy

Lying on your right hand side is much better than sleeping on your front or back during the later stages of pregnancy, but is still not as good as sleeping on your left. This is because, sleeping on your right hand side can puts pressure on your liver which most Doctors would prefer you to avoid.

Sleeping On Your Left Hand Side During Pregnancy

Doctors and midwives recommend sleeping on your left hand side. This position prevents the heavy uterus putting pressure on your liver, and continues to allow the baby to receive the right amount of nutrients and oxygen through the placenta. In fact, not only does this position not restrict blood flow, it actually improves circulation which means your body won’t have to work as hard to ensure you have optimal blood flow for you and your baby.
A study in Auckland, New Zealand, found that sleeping on the left hand side on the last night of pregnancy, halved the risk of stillbirth. Since you don’t usually know when your last night of pregnancy will be, it’s best to sleep on your left hand side during the later stages of pregnancy, just in case.
Don’t worry if you do as you’re told, and make sure you fall asleep on your left hand side, only to wake up on your right. There’s nothing you can do to stop yourself turning over in your sleep (although for lots of you, the giant bump might help out with that!) so don’t get upset or worry about it. As long as you spend most of the night on your left, you should be ok, so each time you wake up on your right, simply (or with the help of your partner and some kind of pulley system) turn back onto your left before you go back to sleep.

With out heart we can

Heart Stop Beating is the story of two visionary Texas Heart Institute doctors, Dr. Billy Cohn and Dr. Bud Frazier. Frustrated by the often short lifespans and mulitple complications of usual heart replacement devices, the two  invented a two centrifugal pump machine. Cohn and Frazier tested the machine by removing the hearts of  several calf’s and replacing them with the device.
After much success it was time for human trials.
The first patient would be Craig Lewis, was 55-year-old dying from amyloidosis, a disease which causes a buildup of abnormal proteins. The proteins clog the organs so much that they stop working. Lewis’ heart was so damaged, he only had 12 hours to live.
So, in March of 2011, the doctors successfully replaced Lewis’ heart with the ‘continuous flow’ device they developed, proving that life was possible without a pulse or a heart beat–essentially without a human heart.
Although Lewis died due to complications from his disease, the heart pumps have yet to wear out like traditional devices, the trade off  is the loss of the familiar and elemental sound of a beating human heart — a small price for a working heart.

Resistance will kill 300 Million People by 2050

Antibiotic Resistance Will Kill 300 Million People by 2050

New report says pharma companies make more money from other drugs, so shy away from new antibiotic development


The true cost of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will be 300 million premature deaths and up to $100 trillion (£64 trillion) lost to the global economy by 2050. This scenario is set out in a new report which looks to a future where drug resistance is not tackled between now and 2050.
The report predicts that the world’s GDP would be 0.5% smaller by 2020 and 1.4% smaller by 2030 with over 100 million premature deaths. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, chaired by Jim O’Neill, is significant in that it is a global review that seeks to quantify financial costs.
This issue goes beyond health policy and, on a strictly macroeconomic basis, it makes sense for governments to act now, the report argues. "One of the things that has been lacking is putting some pound signs in front of this problem," says Michael Head at the Farr institute, University College London, UK, who sees hope in how a response to HIV came about. "The world was slow to respond [to HIV], but when the costs were calculated the world leapt into action."
He recently totted up R&D for infectious diseases in the UK and found gross underinvestment in antibacterial research: £102 million compared to a total of £2.6 billion. Other research shows that less than 1% of available research funds in the UK and Europe were spent on antibiotic research in 2008–2013.
Bleak future
RAND Europe and KPMG both assessed the future impact of AMR. They looked at a subset of drug resistant pathogens and the public health issues surrounding them for Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. The RAND Europe scenario modelled what would happen if antimicrobial drug resistance rates rose to 100% after 15 years, while infection rates held steady. The KPMG scenario looked at resistance rising to 40% from today’s levels and the number of infections doubling. Malaria resistance results in the greatest number of fatalities, while E. coli resistance accounts for almost half the total economic impact as it is so widespread and its incidence is so high.
"You can look at antibiotic resistance as a slow moving global train wreck, which will happen over the next 35 years," says health law expert Kevin Outterson at Boston University, US. "If we do nothing, this report shows us the likely magnitude of the costs."
Outterson headed up a recent Chatham House report on new business models for antibiotics that highlighted the problem of inadequate market incentives. "If I came out with a new cardiovascular drug, it could be worth tens of billions of dollars a year," he says. "But if we had the same innovative product as an antibiotic, we would save it for the sickest and it would sell modestly in the first decade. So market uptake is extraordinarily limited for innovative antibiotics and all for excellent public health reasons."

9 spices Decrease Triglyceride levels By 30 percent

These 9 Spices Decrease Triglyceride Levels By 30 Percent

Antioxidant-rich spices and herbs could help to improve triglyceride concentrations and other blood lipids, according to new research.



 The paper analyses the metabolic effects of herbs and spice blends -- focusing in particular on the potential cardiovascular benefits of the ingredients that are traditionally used to add flavour to foods -- before testing whether meals prepared with a spice blend offer functional benefits.

Led by Professor Sheila West from Penn State, they noted that triglyceride levels rise after eating a high-fat meal -- which can lead to an increased risk of heart disease. If a high-antioxidant spice blend is incorporated into the meal, triglyceride levels may be reduced by as much as 30 percent when compared to eating an identical meal without the spice blend. The spiced meal included:

1) Garlic powder
2) Rosemary
3) Oregano
4) Cinnamon
5) Cloves
6) Paprika
7) Turmeric
8) Ginger
9) Black pepper

"The metabolic effects of spices and herbs and their efficacy and safety relative to traditional drug therapy represent an exciting area for future research given the public health significance of cardiovascular disease," wrote the team.

Daily supplementation of curcumi n alone combined with diet and exercise strategies are known to be associated with more than a 60% reduction in triglyceride levels

"We live in a world where people consume too many calories every day," said West. "Adding high-antioxidant spices might be a way to reduce calories without sacrificing taste."

West and her colleagues are now working on a further study that will monitor study participants for eight hours after eating a meal with a high-antioxidant spice blend in order to test what happens to the fat in such a meal.

"If (the fat) isn't being absorbed when spices are included in the meal, it might be excreted instead," she suggested. "We will examine whether spices affect how rapidly the meal is processed through the stomach and intestines."

Study Details

In the study West and her colleagues conducted their initial study after reviewing the literature for evidence of spices and herbs benefits on heart health. The review suggested that cinnamon may have benefit for lowering cholesterol in people with diabetes, while garlic was also suggested to have benefits for cholesterol and heart disease risk.

As part of their study, the team prepared meals for six men between the ages of 30 and 65 who were overweight, but otherwise healthy, on two separate days.

The meals were identical - consisting of chicken, bread and a dessert biscuit - except that the researchers added two tablespoons of a high-antioxidant culinary spice blend to the test meal.

The spiced meal included garlic powder, rosemary, oregano, cinnamon, cloves, paprika, turmeric, ginger and black pepper. West and colleagues then followed the participants for three hours after each meal, drawing blood every 30 minutes.

Antioxidant activity in the blood increased by 13% after the men ate the test meal when compared to the control meal, which may help prevent cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases, they suggested.

The addition of spices and herbs to the test meal also significantly decreased postprandial insulin responses by 21% and triglycerides by 31% as shown in the

Total blood cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose levels were not affected, they added.

"These findings suggest that a blend of spices and herbs may help improve levels of postprandial insulin and triglyceride concentrations after a high-fat meal while also enhancing the antioxidative capacity of blood," wrote West and her colleagues.

Mae Chan holds degrees in both physiology and nutritional sciences. She is also blogger and and technology enthusiast with a passion for disseminating information about health .

60 Percent Reduction In Triglycerides By Using Curcumin and Lifestyle Changes

What is diabetes?

What is diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.

In 2014, 8.5% of adults aged 18 years and older had diabetes. In 2015, diabetes was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths and in 2012 high blood glucose was the cause of another 2.2 million deaths.

Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. The cause of type 1 diabetes is not known and it is not preventable with current knowledge.

Symptoms include excessive excretion of urine (polyuria), thirst (polydipsia), constant hunger, weight loss, vision changes, and fatigue. These symptoms may occur suddenly.

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset) results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises the majority of people with diabetes around the world, and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity.

Symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes, but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, once complications have already arisen.

Until recently, this type of diabetes was seen only in adults but it is now also occurring increasingly frequently in children.

Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia with blood glucose values above normal but below those diagnostic of diabetes, occurring during pregnancy.

Women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of complications during pregnancy and at delivery. They and their children are also at increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the future.

Gestational diabetes is diagnosed through prenatal screening, rather than through reported symptoms.

Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) are intermediate conditions in the transition between normality and diabetes. People with IGT or IFG are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, although this is not inevitable.

What are common consequences of diabetes?

Over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.

1. Adults with diabetes have a two- to three-fold increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
2. Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy (nerve damage) in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb amputation.
3. Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. 2.6% of global blindness can be attributed to diabetes.
4. Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure.

How can the burden of diabetes be reduced?

Prevention

Simple lifestyle measures have been shown to be effective in preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should:

1. achieve and maintain healthy body weight;
2. be physically active – at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity activity on most days. More activity is required for weight control;
3. eat a healthy diet, avoiding sugar and saturated fats intake; and
4. avoid tobacco use – smoking increases the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Diagnosis and treatment

Early diagnosis can be accomplished through relatively inexpensive testing of blood sugar.

Treatment of diabetes involves diet and physical activity along with lowering blood glucose and the levels of other known risk factors that damage blood vessels. Tobacco use cessation is also important to avoid complications.

Interventions that are both cost-saving and feasible in developing countries include:

1. blood glucose control, particularly in type 1 diabetes. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin, people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medication, but may also require insulin;
2. blood pressure control; and
3. foot care.

Other cost saving interventions include:

1. screening and treatment for retinopathy (which causes blindness)
2. blood lipid control (to regulate cholesterol levels)
3. screening for early signs of diabetes-related kidney disease and treatment.

WHO response

WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low and middle-income countries. To this end, WHO:

1. provides scientific guidelines for the prevention of major noncommunicable diseases including diabetes;
2. develops norms and standards for diabetes diagnosis and care;
3. builds awareness on the global epidemic of diabetes, marking World Diabetes Day (14 November); and
4. conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

The WHO "Global report on diabetes" provides an overview of the diabetes burden, the interventions available to prevent and manage diabetes, and recommendations for governments, individuals, the civil society and the private sector.

The WHO "Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health" complements WHO's diabetes work by focusing on population-wide approaches to promote healthy diet and regular physical activity, thereby reducing the growing global problem of overweight people and obesity.

* Defined as fasting blood glucose equal to or higher than 7 mmol/L, or on medication for raised blood glucose, or with a history of diagnosis of diabetes.

** High blood glucose is defined as a distribution of fasting plasma glucose in a population that is higher than the theoretical distribution that would minimize risks to health (derived from epidemiological studies). High blood glucose is a statistical concept, not a clinical or diagnostic category.

Key facts

1. The number of people with diabetes has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (
2. The global prevalence of diabetes* among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014 (1).
3. Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in middle- and low-income countries.
4. Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation.
5. In 2015, an estimated 1.6 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012
6. Almost half of all deaths attributable to high blood glucose occur before the age of 70 years. WHO projects that diabetes will be the seventh leading cause of death in 2030 /
7. Healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
8. Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication and regular screening and treatment for complications.

antibiotics

Antibiotics tainted with a chemical used in rat poison may have caused the death of 13 women at a government sterilization camp in Chhattisgarh this week, officials suggested Friday after preliminary testing of the drugs.

An analysis of the antibiotic tablet Ciprofloxacin 500 revealed the medicine was adulterated with zinc phosphide, a chemical used in rat poison.

The drug had been seized from Raipur-based pharmaceutical company Mahawar Pharma on Thursday and has been sent for further tests.

Officials said a significant quantity of burnt medicines was found on the premises.

The symptoms shown by the women who became unwell after undergoing botched sterilizations is similar to how the body reacts to zinc phosphide, doctors in Bilaspur said.

After the surgery, the women had complained of nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The 13 died of cardiac arrest, kidney failure and respiratory breakdown. “Such a chemical results in high mortality,” health officials stated.

“We have conducted raids across the state and seized over 43 lakh similar tablets prepared by Mahawar Pharma,” Bilaspur commissioner Sonmoni Borah told HT.

Mahawar Pharma director Ramesh Mahawar and his son Sumit were arrested by Raipur police on Friday.

“Prima facie, there is strong suspicion of zinc phosphide adulteration in the antibiotic. But it can be confirmed only after we get final reports from the national drug laboratories in Kolkata and Delhi where the sample has been sent,” said state health principal secretary Dr Alok Shukla told HT. The final report of the laboratory tests are likely to reach by Sunday.

This is the first time the toxin has been traced in preliminary findings. “The initial tests were done at Bilaspur science college. We were surprised though it is just the first impression of zinc phosphide in the tablet,” said Borah.

Importance of India in Generic

                                         EXAMPLES OF THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIA

                                   AS THE “PHARMACY FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD”

 

QUICK OVERVIEW:

• India is the main supplier of essential medicines for developing countries.

• 67 % of medicines exports from India go to developing countries.

• Main procurement agencies for developing countries’ health programmes purchase their

medicines in India, where there are quality products and low prices.

• Approx. 50% of the essential medicines that UNICEF distributes in developing countries

come from India

• 75-80% of all medicines distributed by the International Dispensary Association (IDA) to

developing countries are manufactured in India. (IDA is a medical supplier operating on a

not-for-profit basis for distribution of essential medicines to developing countries.)

• In Zimbabwe, 75% of tenders for medicines for all public sector health facilities come from

Indian manufacturers

• The state procurement agency in Lesotho, NDSO, states it buys nearly 95% of all ARVs

from India.

Antiretroviral medicines (ARVs) for AIDS treatment:

India is the world’s primary source of affordable ARVs, as it is one of the few countries with the apacity to produce these newer medicines as generics. Therefore, all AIDS programmes use India as their main source of products.

• 80% of ARVs MSF uses are purchased in India and are distributed in treatment projects in

over 30 countries.

• Globally, 70% of the treatment for patients in 87 developing countries, purchased by

UNICEF, IDA, the Global Fund (GFATM) and the Clinton Foundation since July 2005

has come from Indian suppliers.

• PEPFAR, the US President’s AIDS initiative also purchases ARVs from India for

distribution in developing countries, thus resulting in cost-savings up to 90%.

• 91% of the generic ARVs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for PEPFAR

are from India.

• 90% of the ARVs used in Zimbabwe’s national treatment programme come from India.

Raw materials:

In addition, raw materials are exported from India to other countries for local production of

affordable medicines. This has been crucial to enabling national AIDS programmes, such as

those in Brazil or Thailand, to provide universal free access to ARVs.

IN DETAIL:

India is the main supplier of essential medicines for developing countries. This applies not only to AIDS medicines, but to medicines to treat other diseases, as well. India is the world’s leading supplier of inexpensive generic medicines, with approximately 67% of medicines exports going to developing countries.

1) International procurement agencies

The main procurement agencies for health programmes in developing countries, as well as national procurement agencies, purchase their medicines in India, where quality products can be purchased at low prices.

MSF:

• 40% of the money MSF spends on oral medicines is used to buy drugs from India (if injectables are included, the average lies at 26,5%).

UNICEF:

• India ranks second on the list of suppliers for UNICEF programmes (see figure 1)

• On medicines, India has a considerable lead over all countries below it on the list, and

Belgium only ranks first because of vaccines (e.g. combination vaccines are not yet being

produced in India).

• If vaccines are excluded, India is the source of approx. 50% of the essential medicines UNICEF distributes in developing countries.

Figure 1: Top 20 supplier countries for UNICEF2

IDA (International Dispensary Association)

• 75-80% of all medicines distributed by IDA to developing countries are manufactured in India (IDA is a medical supplier operating on a not-for-profit basis for distribution of essential medicines to developing countries.)

2) National supply stores for public/non profit sector:

Zimbabwe

• The National Pharmaceutical Company, Natpharm, (formerly Governmental Central Stores), states 75% of tenders for supply to national health facilities are won by Indian manufacturers.

3) Antiretrovirals – ARVs

India is the world’s primary source of affordable ARVs, as it is one of the few countries with the capacity to produce these newer medicines as generics. Therefore, all AIDS programmes use India as their main source of products.

• 80% of ARVs MSF uses are purchased in India and are distributed in treatment projects in

more than 30 countries.

• Globally, 70% or more of the antiretroviral pills currently used in developing countries to treat nearly two million people are manufactured by generic suppliers in India.

• PEPFAR, the US President’s AIDS initiative also purchases ARVs from India for distribution in developing countries. « In every case generic prices present an opportunity for cost savings; in some cases, the branded price per pack of a drug is up to 11 times the cost of the approved generic version”

• 91% of the generic ARVs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for PEPFAR

are from India.

• 90% of the ARVs used in Zimbabwe’s national treatment programme come from India.

• The state procurement agency in Lesotho, NDSO, states it buys nearly 95% of all ARVs

from India.

4) Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs)

Raw materials from India are also exported to other countries for production of affordable medicines. This has been key in the success of national AIDS programmes’ ability to provide universal free access to ARVs.

As an example, generic production of medicines in Brazil is heavily dependent on APIs purchased from India. At the third meeting of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation and Public Health (CIPIH)6, Brazil stated: “Brazil is concerned whether the application of TRIPS in India and China may affect access to APIs, and thus their treatment programme.”

The same is true for Thailand, where the Government Pharmaceutical Organization of Thailand “gets 90% of its raw materials for ARV production from India. More specifically, the Thai Public Health Ministry has clearly stated that their ambitious antiretroviral treatment programme would not exist without generic drugs, which would not have been possible without Indian API supply”