Female viagra

‘Female Viagra’ wins approval from FDA expert 

A FDA panel thought the overall benefit/risk profile of flibanserin was acceptable.

Source: Wikimedia Commons

A FDA report recognises that some women would benefit from a safe and effective treatment for premenopausal hypoactive sexual desire disorder

A drug developed to increase female libido is a step closer to being approved in the United States. 

Flibanserin, a 5-HT1A-receptor agonist and 5-HT2A-receptor antagonist, which has been dubbed the “female Viagra”, won approval on 4 June 2015 by a joint committee expert panel for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The panel was assessing the drug’s risks and benefits in the treatment of premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). 

The panel agreed by 18 votes to 6 votes that the overall benefit/risk profile was acceptable and the outcome will form part of the ongoing FDA review of the drug. 

“We are one step closer to bringing to market the first treatment option for the most common form of female sexual dysfunction,” according to a spokesperson for Sprout Pharmaceuticals, based in North Carolina, which plans to market the product as Addyi. 

The drug has already twice failed to be recommended for approval by FDA experts — in 2010 and in 2013 following concerns about its efficacy and safety. 

The latest FDA briefing document considered by the agency’s bone, reproductive and urologic drugs advisory committee and the drug safety and risk management advisory committee acknowledged the difference the drug would make to women. 

“There are no medications that are FDA approved for the treatment of HSDD… The FDA has recognized for a long time that there are women who have reduced sexual desire that causes distress, and who would benefit from safe and effective treatment,” the report said. 

“This condition is clearly an area of unmet medical need. However, for any product intended to treat an unmet medical need, the FDA is still required to base its regulatory decisions on an assessment of whether the benefits outweigh its risks. This has been the FDA’s approach with flibanserin, which has a challenging benefit/risk assessment.” 

An additional report also considered by the joint committee from the FDA’s division of risk management highlighted the potential risk of low blood pressure/syncope associated with the drug – which is exacerbated when it’s taken in conjunction with alcohol – and the steps that could be taken to reduce, but not eliminate them. 

A spokeswoman for the FDA confirmed that the vote of the joint committee will be considered by the agency as it continues its review of the drug. The product, should it be eventually approved, would be taken as a 100mg tablet orally once daily at bedtime.

Love Hormone oxytocin

Love Hormone and its Fascinating Facts – Oxytocin

If you’ve given birth before, you’ve probably heard of oxytocin – especially if you’re a breastfeeding mother. Oxytocin is the hormone that controls uterine contractions during labour, and helps with the milk ejection in breastfeeding. But this amazing neuropeptide is involved in so much more than just those two functions.

Studies show that oxytocin is calming and can improve mood – it lowers your blood pressure and blocks stress hormones. It can help relieve inflammation and stimulate metabolic functions, like digestion and growth. It is present in females and males, and is active in social interactions. It brings about feelings of relaxation, selflessness, and love. World renown obstetrician, Michel Odent, says, “Whatever the facet of love we consider, oxytocin is involved.”

And oxytocin may be the key to adapting to motherhood. Synthetic oxytocin, however, which is often used to induce or augment labour, does not act the same way in the body as naturally occurring oxytocin. Pitocin/syntocinon does not cross the blood-brain barrier; and while it does produce the same mechanical effects on the body, it does not lead to the same behavioural effects, like maternal attachment promoting behaviours.



The amazingly versatile hormone is present throughout the body during many different activities, and it serves many functions. Here are some fabulous and fascinating facts about oxytocin:



Oxytocin Fact #1:

Oxytocin is released in pulses, and the more pulses the more effects seen from the hormone. Baby’s suckling triggers these pulses, which improves milk production and release.

Oxytocin Fact #2:

A surge of oxytocin is released as a baby is being born (due to stretching of receptors in the lower vagina), and baby’s oxytocin levels are high at birth, as well.

Oxytocin Fact #3:

The highest peak of oxytocin in a woman’s lifetime is right after her baby is born, but before the placenta is delivered – we can maximise the hormone’s potential by placing baby skin to skin with mum and leaving the two undisturbed during the time.

Oxytocin Fact #4:

Skin to skin contact increases oxytocin release – whether it’s mother and baby right after birth, dad massaging his infant, or mum and dad holding hands.

Oxytocin Fact #5:

Speaking of birth, an epidural can impact the effects of oxytocin by blocking the pathways it travels. Since oxytocin increases your pain threshold, the epidural may not even be needed.

Oxytocin Fact #6:

Prolactin, the milk-making hormone, is dependent on oxytocin for its production. The levels of these two hormones are strongly correlated during breastfeeding.

Oxytocin Fact #7:

Oxytocin helps mothers interact with their babies. Oxytocin levels correlate with the amount of mother baby interaction, and both benefit from its effects.



Oxytocin Fact #8:

When a baby kneads at the breast, oxytocin is released – so let your baby hug the breast during feeding rather than tucking or swaddling those hands away.

Oxytocin Fact #9:

Oxytocin release can be hindered by a stressful environment, as fight-or-flight hormones inhibit oxytocin. But if someone feels emotionally supported, calm and warm, the environment works in favour of her hormones.

Oxytocin Fact #10:

Oxytocin helps your body use nutrients through digestion, and aids in transferring those nutrients into breast milk (and to the foetus during pregnancy).

Oxytocin Fact #11:

Oxytocin has direct effects on brain growth, especially the neocortex of the newborn.

Oxytocin Fact #12:

12. Oxytocin is released during orgasm (male and female). Orgasm has a host of physical and emotional health benefits, so don’t forget to give your partner the nudge now and again!

Oxytocin Fact #13:

Problems with the oxytocin system have been implicated in mental health issues, such as schizophrenia, drug dependency and suicide.

Oxytocin Fact #14:

Positive effects of oxytocin exposure last well past weaning – repeated ‘doses’ of this hormone over the months of breastfeeding can improve maternal health, though more research is needed in this area.

Oxytocin Fact #15:

Aside from its reproductive roles, oxytocin is released when sharing a meal with a friend, hugging someone you care about, and even when petting your dog. So if you’re feeling down, spend some quality time with a good girlfriend, get your hug on with those you care about and love (and ditch the quickie hug, give it longer than a few seconds, relax into it and see how different it feels!) or get connected with your partner… and we’ll leave the rest up to you!

cystic fibrosis and vitamins

Cystic fibrosis and vitamins

Why do people with cystic fibrosis’ need to take vitamins?

Many people with cystic fibrosis have problems when they eat food, making it hard for their intestines to soak up nutrients, especially fat. To help with this enzymes are taken with meals and snacks. Vitamins A, D, E & K   are unique because they need fat in order to be ‘soaked up’ by your body, they are called “fat –soluble” vitamins. Even someone takes enzymes they can still lose fat in their stool. If they are losing fat their stool. If they are losing fat then they are probably also losing vitamins. If you don’t take your vitamins, over time, you may develop low levels in your blood. This is known as vitamin deficiency.

You may wonder why it is important for someone with CF to take their vitamins if they don’t   have a problem when eat. To understand why, you must realize that vitamins are important to your body when yo ur healthy, but they even more important when you sick. People who have CF may find they get sick more often than people who don’t have CF. To help their bodies fight an infection they need more vitamins than someone without CF. To help their bodies fight an infection they need more vitamins than someone without CF. We ask people with CF to take a vitamin pill because it is very hard to get enough vitamins from food alone. Our focus is often the Fat soluble vitamins, but it is important to remember that all vitamins are needed for healthy body.

 

What do the different fat soluble vitamins do and what will happen if I do not get enough?

Vitamin A

Vitamin A has many important roles in the body. It helps you see at night and lets your eyes adjust when you move from a dark place to a bright place .If you have a vitamin A deficiency then   your eyes may not be able to get used to changes in light. There have been people with CF who have reported having this problem. If you think this is a problem. If you think this is a problem speak to your CF doctor.

Vitamin A also helps make skin and helps fight infection when you get sick. During childhood it helps you   grow. It is found in eggs, liver, tomatoes, milk and some fruits & vegetables. For people with CF, food sources are not enough to prevent vitamin A deficiency. Therefore a vitamin supplement is usually recommended.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D comes from two sources. It is made by the skin when it is exposed to sunlight, and it is found in the foods we eat. It helps your body absorb calcium, and helps move   calcium from your blood to your bones. Without enough vitamin D your bones can weaken and the chances of break in a bone become greater. While foods such as eggs and cereals contain vitamin D, the main source is milk. A vitamin supplement is usually recommended to make sure you get enough every day.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E has become very popular because of its role as an antioxidant. As you grow your body goes through many changes. As your body changes it produces harmful products that can destroy your healthy cells. Vitamin E helps get rid of these harmful products and this is why it is called an antioxidant. A deficiency of vitamin E can affect your body’s ability to protect itself when you get sick. For people with cystic fibrosis this may affect their lungs and their ability to breath. Foods that contain vitamin E include plant oils, margarines, and some fruits & vegetables. Diet alone cannot prevent a vitamin E deficiency in people with CF, therefore a supplement is usually recommended.

Vitamin K

Most of the vitamin K we need comes from our diet. It is found   in green vegetables, plant oils, and margarine. We also have healthy bacteria in our intestines that produce vitamin K. Even though the bacteria in your intestine is healthy, it can be destroyed by the antibiotics you may take for a lung infection .This can affect the amount of vitamin K you get on a daily basis. Vitamins K is very important because   it helps your blood clot. When you cut yourself, the time it takes for your cut to stop bleeding is affected by how much vitamin K you have in your body. The longer it takes to ‘clot’ the less   vitamin K you may have Vitamin K is also important for proper bone growth in children. To prevent a deficiency many people with CF take a supplement that contains vitamin K.

Dietary sources

Vitamin A                  Liver

                                        egg yolk

                                       dairy products green leafy or yellow vegetables

Vitamin D                  liver fish

                                       fortified milk and margarine

Vitamin E                  vegetable oils nuts eggs wheat germ

Vitamin K               Green leafy vegetables liver bacteria in the intestine also make vitamin K

Why should I take vitamins?

People with CF are at a very high risk for getting vitamin deficiencies. These deficiencies are serious and can include symptoms such as night blindness, bone fractures, back pain, and bleeding. They may also affect how quickly you recover from a lung infection. You can prevent these deficiencies just by taking your vitamins recommended by your clinic. To make sure get the most vitamin supplements it is best to take them with food and enzymes.

 

             Thyroid alert for                                              women 

   

                            Thyroid alert for women!The disorder is affecting younger women too, of late. Here's how to battle it with the right approach

It's one of the most common disorders that can affect an individual owing to the fast lives we lead. Alarming figures say it attacks close to 12 million people, annually, and yet the unfortunate part is that many don't even know they have a thyroid disorder. Have you wondered why you are gaining too much weight even when you are eating less food? Are you worried why your child scores poor marks in exams despite putting in a lot of effort?

Do you know why one of your close friends find it difficult to conceive a child or is experiencing miscarriages? It could well be due to the thyroid gland.

The culprit
The thyroid gland is located in the front of your neck with two lobes on either side of your windpipe. The gland is controlled by the pituitary gland that lies underneath your brain in your skull. The pituitary senses the level of thyroid hormones in your blood stream and secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). "This hormone activates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones. Thyroid gland needs iodine to produce T3 and T4 hormones. Both too much and too little iodine can cause the thyroid to malfunction," explains Dr Nupur Krishnan.

What is a goitre?
This is the enlargement of the thyroid gland that takes place when essential nutrients like iodine and selenium are deficient in the diet. The gland thus grows in an effort to filter more blood to get the scarce nutrients out of the blood supply. It occurs in about 5 % of thyroid patients.

Dietary treatment
Virgin coconut oil offers hope for those suffering from hypothyroidism. It contains
medium chain fatty acids, which increase metabolic rate and promote weight loss.

- Avoid artificial sweeteners made of aspartame.
- Avoid peanuts, millet and rapeseed (canola oil)
- Avoid smoking and a high dose of nutrition supplements.

Consumption of sufficient iodine and Vitamin A helps in reversing Hypothyroidism. The recommended dietary allowances(RDA) for iodine is 150 mcg (micrograms) per day for adults.

Avoid salads of raw vegetables made with those of the cabbage family like cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables. They contain a substance known as goitrogens, which affects thyroid hormones and may lead to goiter. By cooking these vegetables goitrogens can be destroyed and its adverse effects can be reduced.

Consume more seafoods, especially ocean fish, which is a good source of iodine. Even people on a low-salt diet can get plenty of iodine from green leafy vegetables, milk and milk products.

Have eggs as well as deep yellow or orange fruits and dark green vegetables which help in meeting additional vitamin A requirements.

Pregnant women need 220 mcg iodine per day and nursing mothers, 290 mcg. Iodised salt provides 2 to 6 gm of salt each day.

Although anti-thyroid medications cut down the thyroid gland's overproduction this alone may not be the best approach because hyperthyroidism may reoccur once medication is stopped. You can take some extra supplements like edible coconut oil, primrose oil, flaxseed oil or fish oil to help with the dryness and hair loss.

Affecting younger women today 
Says endocrinologist Dr Altamash Shaikh, "It's no longer affecting just the over-30 group. Thyroid is also affecting younger women today in the age bracket 15-20. It's important that youngsters keep a check on symptoms of puffiness, weight gain and fatigue and if they show these, they must get a TSH screening done. There is no need to panic. Thyroid is treatable."

Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism
When thyroid produces high level of T4 and T3, it is known as Hyperthyroidism. Graves disease is the most common cause of this. This condition speeds up metabolism rate and results in unusual hunger, weight loss, muscle weakness, rapid heart beat, excessive sweat etc.

Hypothyroidism is caused due to decreased production of thyroid hormone. Dr Krishnan, who has treated several patients suffering from this disorder, adds, "Hypothyroidism happens when the thyroid gland is unable to produce enough T3 or T4. Inflammation in thyroid known as Thyroiditis also cause hypothyroidism. In any case, timely diagnosis is crucial."

Infertility and pregnancy
Having trouble getting pregnant? Thyroid could be the culprit. Both hyper and hypothyroidism can cause infertility. "In males, it leads to low sex drive and sperm reduction. In females, it affects production of ovaries and causes premature menopause. However, normal fertility can be restored. During pregnancy one must take care of hypothyroidism, as it might cause miscarriages or birth defects in a child," Dr Krishnan explains.

Symptoms
- Abnormal weight gain
- Neck enlargement
- Depression
- Frequent and heavy menstrual flow
- Thinning hair, dry hair and hair loss
- Slow heart rate
- Developing dry, coarse skin
- Difficulty in conceiving
- Feeling exhausted easily
- Mood fluctuations and poor memory
- Muscle cramps and joint pain
- Feeling cold, developing a husky voice
- Goitre

Sleeping Position In Pregnancy

Sleeping Position In Pregnancy – Which Side Is Safer?

One of the hardest things about pregnancy, is trying to get a good night’s sleep. You’re hot and sweaty, uncomfortable, your hips are aching, and your heartburn gets worse when you lie down.You end up wedged in with no fewer than fifteen pillows holding you in place, only to realise you need a wee as soon as you’ve turned the light off. On the rare occasions you are tired enough to overcome all of these sleep hurdles, the baby starts doing acrobatics and using your bladder as a trampoline. So, with all of that in mind, I’m now going to (hesitantly and politely) tell you about the best way to sleep during pregnancy. Please don’t throw anything at the screen in anger, I’m just trying to help.
Sleeping On Your Tummy During Pregnancy
During the early stages of pregnancy, it’s fine to sleep on your tummy. By the time it becomes dangerous to your baby, you will be too uncomfortable doing it anyway! Trying to sleep on your belly at eight months pregnant would be a sight fit for any touring circus.

Sleeping On Your Back During Pregnancy

You don’t really need to worry about your sleeping position at all during your first trimester. Once you’re into the second trimester though, you’ll need to avoid sleeping on your back. When you lie on your back, your uterus puts pressure on the vein that returns blood to your heart. If you lie in this position for long periods, this could restrict the amount of blood and nutrients that reach your placenta and baby. It could also leave you feeling dizzy and nauseous.

Sleeping On Your Right Hand Side During Pregnancy

Lying on your right hand side is much better than sleeping on your front or back during the later stages of pregnancy, but is still not as good as sleeping on your left. This is because, sleeping on your right hand side can puts pressure on your liver which most Doctors would prefer you to avoid.

Sleeping On Your Left Hand Side During Pregnancy

Doctors and midwives recommend sleeping on your left hand side. This position prevents the heavy uterus putting pressure on your liver, and continues to allow the baby to receive the right amount of nutrients and oxygen through the placenta. In fact, not only does this position not restrict blood flow, it actually improves circulation which means your body won’t have to work as hard to ensure you have optimal blood flow for you and your baby.
A study in Auckland, New Zealand, found that sleeping on the left hand side on the last night of pregnancy, halved the risk of stillbirth. Since you don’t usually know when your last night of pregnancy will be, it’s best to sleep on your left hand side during the later stages of pregnancy, just in case.
Don’t worry if you do as you’re told, and make sure you fall asleep on your left hand side, only to wake up on your right. There’s nothing you can do to stop yourself turning over in your sleep (although for lots of you, the giant bump might help out with that!) so don’t get upset or worry about it. As long as you spend most of the night on your left, you should be ok, so each time you wake up on your right, simply (or with the help of your partner and some kind of pulley system) turn back onto your left before you go back to sleep.

With out heart we can

Heart Stop Beating is the story of two visionary Texas Heart Institute doctors, Dr. Billy Cohn and Dr. Bud Frazier. Frustrated by the often short lifespans and mulitple complications of usual heart replacement devices, the two  invented a two centrifugal pump machine. Cohn and Frazier tested the machine by removing the hearts of  several calf’s and replacing them with the device.
After much success it was time for human trials.
The first patient would be Craig Lewis, was 55-year-old dying from amyloidosis, a disease which causes a buildup of abnormal proteins. The proteins clog the organs so much that they stop working. Lewis’ heart was so damaged, he only had 12 hours to live.
So, in March of 2011, the doctors successfully replaced Lewis’ heart with the ‘continuous flow’ device they developed, proving that life was possible without a pulse or a heart beat–essentially without a human heart.
Although Lewis died due to complications from his disease, the heart pumps have yet to wear out like traditional devices, the trade off  is the loss of the familiar and elemental sound of a beating human heart — a small price for a working heart.

Resistance will kill 300 Million People by 2050

Antibiotic Resistance Will Kill 300 Million People by 2050

New report says pharma companies make more money from other drugs, so shy away from new antibiotic development


The true cost of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will be 300 million premature deaths and up to $100 trillion (£64 trillion) lost to the global economy by 2050. This scenario is set out in a new report which looks to a future where drug resistance is not tackled between now and 2050.
The report predicts that the world’s GDP would be 0.5% smaller by 2020 and 1.4% smaller by 2030 with over 100 million premature deaths. The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, chaired by Jim O’Neill, is significant in that it is a global review that seeks to quantify financial costs.
This issue goes beyond health policy and, on a strictly macroeconomic basis, it makes sense for governments to act now, the report argues. "One of the things that has been lacking is putting some pound signs in front of this problem," says Michael Head at the Farr institute, University College London, UK, who sees hope in how a response to HIV came about. "The world was slow to respond [to HIV], but when the costs were calculated the world leapt into action."
He recently totted up R&D for infectious diseases in the UK and found gross underinvestment in antibacterial research: £102 million compared to a total of £2.6 billion. Other research shows that less than 1% of available research funds in the UK and Europe were spent on antibiotic research in 2008–2013.
Bleak future
RAND Europe and KPMG both assessed the future impact of AMR. They looked at a subset of drug resistant pathogens and the public health issues surrounding them for Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, HIV, tuberculosis and malaria. The RAND Europe scenario modelled what would happen if antimicrobial drug resistance rates rose to 100% after 15 years, while infection rates held steady. The KPMG scenario looked at resistance rising to 40% from today’s levels and the number of infections doubling. Malaria resistance results in the greatest number of fatalities, while E. coli resistance accounts for almost half the total economic impact as it is so widespread and its incidence is so high.
"You can look at antibiotic resistance as a slow moving global train wreck, which will happen over the next 35 years," says health law expert Kevin Outterson at Boston University, US. "If we do nothing, this report shows us the likely magnitude of the costs."
Outterson headed up a recent Chatham House report on new business models for antibiotics that highlighted the problem of inadequate market incentives. "If I came out with a new cardiovascular drug, it could be worth tens of billions of dollars a year," he says. "But if we had the same innovative product as an antibiotic, we would save it for the sickest and it would sell modestly in the first decade. So market uptake is extraordinarily limited for innovative antibiotics and all for excellent public health reasons."