Thursday 26 June 2014

flu vaccine plant

FDA cites GSK flu vaccine plant for quality violations


WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A GlaxoSmithKline Plc plant in Canada that makes the flu vaccine Flulaval has been cited by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for failing to meet quality control standards.

GSK said it is working to rectify the problems and does not expect a delay in distributing the vaccine for the 2014-2015 flu season. The company typically starts shipping the product at the end of July.

In a warning letter dated June 12 to GSK's flu vaccine manufacturing facility in Ste-Foy, Quebec, the FDA said the company failed to take appropriate steps to prevent microbiological contamination of products, among other violations.

GSK said on Tuesday no contaminated products had been released to the public.

"Every batch of GSK vaccines is subject to extensive review before it is released," the company said. "Vaccines that do not pass this rigorous review are discarded."

The FDA said controls for the purified water system at the plant were inadequate and that some Gram-negative bacteria identified in water used for equipment washing had been implicated in product contamination issues at the facility as far back as 2011.

In 2011, 24 vaccine lots were rejected due to the excessive presence of endotoxins. These are found in the cell walls of Gram-negative pathogens such as salmonella. When bacteria die the endotoxins are released, possibly contaminating laboratory equipment and causing health problems in people and animals.

Other lots were rejected in March and July 2012, and certain test lots were contaminated last year. These were manufactured on the same equipment as commercial lots for release to the United States, the FDA said in its warning letter.

This year, 20 of the lots manufactured, or 21 percent, showed bacterial growth and endotoxin levels. These lots were also rejected. GSK said the lots were rejected as part of the company's quality review process.

The FDA said there was no set schedule for disinfection of the water system and that manufacturing controls in place were inadequate to control bacteria on unsterilized surfaces. The agency said the company's investigation into the repeated accumulations of bacteria had been inadequate.

The deficiencies, the FDA said in its letter, "are an indication of your quality control unit not fulfilling its responsibility to assure the identity, strength, quality, and purity of your licensed biological drug product and intermediates."

GSK said it anticipates providing between 28 and 33 million doses of flu vaccine to the United States for the upcoming season and said it is working with health agencies in Canada and the United States to "support their efforts in managing supply of influenza vaccines for the 2014-15 flu season."

Monday 16 June 2014

Master of Pharmacy Admission Guidance in India


Master of Pharmacy Admission Guidance in India

Graduates in pharmacy can become Masters in pharmacy through GPAT and PGECET entrance tests in India. Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) is a national level entrance exam to enter master's program in pharmacy in all over India. In past, GATE exam was conducted as common entrance for pharmacy and engineering graduates. Since 2010, AICTE has been conducting separate entrance test for pharmacy graduates, named as GPAT. The test was conducted in paper pencil mode for three years in association with M.S. Uni

Master of Pharmacy Admission Guidance in India

Graduates in pharmacy can become Masters in pharmacy through GPAT and PGECET entrance tests in India. Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) is a national level entrance exam to enter master's program in pharmacy in all over India. In past, GATE exam was conducted as common entrance for pharmacy and engineering graduates. Since 2010, AICTE has been conducting separate entrance test for pharmacy graduates, named as GPAT. The test was conducted in paper pencil mode for three years in association with M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara. In 2013, it has been changed into computer based online exam by AICTE. There is also online registration service launched for GPAT. The exam will conduct in 58 cities for 3 days across the country. Qualified people can apply for NIPER or for Ph.D. (after M.Pharmacy only).
Post Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET) is a state level exam conducting by Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education (APSCHE) in association with Osmania University. This is a common entrance for admission into engineering and pharmacy courses. Qualified people in this test can apply for Masters in Pharmacy and for Doctorate in Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) in Andhra Pradesh. Through this entrance test graduates in Pharmacy can admit in fourth year of Pharm.D. (the tenure of Doctorate in Pharmacy is six years). PGECET notification may announce in between month February & March in every year. The details are available in official website appgecet.org.

Those candidates who even don't get admission in M.Pharmacy course through GPAT they don't need to worry because candidates with minimum rank in GPAT can apply for PGEC in Andhra Pradesh for getting a seat in M.Pharmacy and in Pharm.D at least at institutes across AP. State. PGEC full form is Andhra Pradesh Post Graduate Engineering Common Admissions and is an AP State Level Admissions into Regular PG Courses in various institutes.

Other Entrance Exams For M.Pharmacy in India:
" NIPER-JEE - National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali is a central government funding institute. It has seven branches located in Mohali (Punjab), Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Kolkata (West Bengal), Guawahati (Assam), Raebareli (Uttar Pradesh) and Hajipur (Bihar). Candidates who qualified in GPAT are eligible for this entrance.

"BITSAT - Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Rajasthan. Its main branch is located in Pilani, Rajasthan and has another two branches in Hyderabad and Ranchi.

"JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysore and OOTY - will conduct entrance test for M.Pharmacy.

" Manipal University - will conduct an online entrance for M.Pharmacy.
" GAT - GITAM University Admission Test for admission into GITAM University, Vizag.
" Some universities will take candidates into master's degree by conducting an interview or by allowing to writing university entrance exam for GPAT qualified persons.

Who Can Apply?

Bachelor's degree holders in pharmacy (four years after 10 + 2, including lateral entry) and final year students of B.Pharmacy can appear for these exams.

Tips For Preparation:

Candidates who are interested to do M.Pharmcy course in good institutes or in affiliated colleges of top universities should need prepare well for entrance exam. To get high score must cover all major subjects (Pharmaceutical chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical analysis). While preparing for these exams should follow standard books, latest addition of Indian Pharmacopoeia and pharma magazines. All most all above mentioned exams are objective type, so candidates should practice daily two model papers. It will improve understanding capacity on question, and then candidate can answer to more questions in less time. Exactly these types of skills are required for the exams like NIPER-JEE, where candidate have to answer 200 questions in 120 minutes. Another important one to remember while writing the exam there will be negative marking system. So it is better to avoid unknown questions. Sometimes in objective type questions two options may be relevant out of four, in these situations candidate should thick logically.

Sunday 1 June 2014

How Birth Order Affects Child’s Intelligence

Birth Order Affects Personality


Everyone on earth is a different individual with different personality. There are many factors that play significant roles making us what we eventually become. Traditional families often wish to have more than one child. Apart from genes and personality traits of the parents the order of children is important in shaping personality. The order of children also influences the relationship they share with their siblings. Sibling relationships is a subject that receives less attention than any other relationship. Today’s article will discuss how birth order helps shape personality.

The first child is always special for both parents and gets the utmost care and love. Various studies suggest that firstborn children are intelligent, devoted, and dependable. They are often found choosing professions that require devotion and commitment like the medical profession. Parents are often found seeking help from the elder child in caring for younger siblings. This makes them more responsible and dependable. Experts believe that since the first child gets to do everything for themselves they become more responsible. The second child often gets help from their elder sibling in almost everything they do. The youngest child is often the most demanding one. When they come into the family, everyone finds them cute and they get a lot of attention from parents. Parents are often seen making decisions in favor of the younger child in sibling disputes.



As the first child enjoys the sole love and attention of the parents for some time, the arrival of the second child impacts their behavior. Some elder children find it difficult to share the love of their parents with the second born and sibling rivalry develops. After the birth of the second child, the firstborn often displays attention-seeking behaviors like unnecessary crying or naughtiness.



Experts say all parents try to give their children equal amount of love and attention but adhering to this is practically impossible. There are various ways birth order influences personality. Studies have found that firstborn children have better intelligence quotient and are often staunch believers in perfection. Second babies are more outgoing and open to change. Experts say the reason for better scores of second children is the experience gained by parents raising the eldest child.

Middle children are often found taking things easy as they do not have much pressure from their parents to do anything. They often complain when they have to wear clothes from their elder siblings or are compared to them. They remain calm and sometimes act as a bridge between the youngest and eldest sibling.

The time difference between births of children also impacts personality. When the difference between the births of two children is longer the elder sibling often develops feelings of jealousy and rivalry. Experts suggest the adequate difference between two children should be around 3 years. This much time makes the body of the mother ready for the next birth and the elder sibling starts understanding things. Accepting the younger sibling is also easier in the initial 2-3 years. Once the difference between births increases, it becomes difficult for the elder sibling to accept the younger one.